Mesothelioma is a form of cancer which occurs in thin membranes (called the mesothelium) lining the chest, lungs, abdomen and sometimes the heart. Although quite rare, mesothelioma symptoms strike more than 200 people each year in the United States. The majority of mesothelioma cases are directly linked to asbestos exposure.
Because of the long latency period of mesothelioma, the average age of patients is between 50 and 70 years. Mesothelioma affects men most due to the high exposure of asbestos in industrial typed jobs. Mesothelioma symptoms include respiratory problems, shortness of breath, continual cough and pneumonia. Other mesothelioma symptoms include weight loss, abdominal problems and swelling. In some mesothelioma patients, the mesothelioma symptoms are quite muted, making it hard for mesothelioma doctors to diagnose.
Mesothelioma doctors specialize in the study, research, and treatments of Mesothelioma cancers.
Mesothelioma (or the cancer of the mesothelium) is a disease in which cells become abnormal and replicate without control. During Mesothelioma, these cells will invade and damage tissues and organs. Mesothelioma cancer cells can spread throughout the body causing death.
Mesothelioma treatments and Mesothelioma clinical trials and tests
There are many mesothelioma treatment options available. Treatments include surgery, radiation therapy and chemotherapy and the mesothelioma treatment depends on the patient’s age, general health and stage of the cancer. There has been much mesothelioma research conducted throughout the past two years to find new treatment methods. Click here to read more about mesothelioma treatment techniques.
Through mesothelioma research, The National Cancer Institute has sponsored mesothelioma tests and clinical trials that are designed to find new treatment methods. Because of the increase in number of mesothelioma cases in the United States, both governments have increased funding for mesothelioma research. Mesothelioma research and clinical trials have been successful in developing new techniques to fight this cancer and the outlook for more advanced mesothelioma treatments is promising.
Surgery is the most common treatment method for malignant mesothelioma. Tissues and linings affected by mesothelioma are removed by the doctor and may include the lung or even diaphragm.
A second mesothelioma treatment method is radiation therapy through the use of high energy x-rays that kill the cancer cells. Radiation therapy can be outside or inside the body.
A third mesothelioma treatment method is chemotherapy. Through pills or drugs through needles, chemotherapy drugs are used to kill cancer cells.
A new mesothelioma treatment method is called intraoperative photodynamic therapy. In this treatment, light and drugs are used to kill cancer cells during surgery for early stages of mesothelioma in the chest. Although there are numerous treatments and drugs for mesothelioma, doctors are losing the battle against this deadly disease. Most mesothelioma treatments involve old techniques combined with different drug cocktails. However, in most cases, these mesothelioma treatments have many side effects including organ damage, nausea, increase in heart failure etc. The rush to find a more effective mesothelioma treatment or even cure is ongoing at numerous clinical labs across the nation. Let's hope that the mesothelioma treatments will one day erradicate mesothelioma cancer and asbestosis.
With an abundance of information on the Internet, Mesothelioma Cancer and Asbestos ([http://www.mesothelioma-cancer-and-asbestos.com]) has consolidated the most important issues surrounding Mesothelioma, Mesothelioma doctors and symptoms, Mesothelioma treatment, Mesothelioma research and tests.
At [http://www.mesothelioma-cancer-and-asbestos.com], the website contains useful resources on Mesothelioma lawyers and attorneys, as well as causes by asbestos exposure, asbestos removal, asbestos attorneys and lawsuits, and asbestos cancer. Patients stricken by Mesothelioma and their families require support and current information. Mesothelioma Online Resources hopes to educate and give hope to survivors and victims.
Mesothelioma is such a harsh disease. Not only does it take years for symptoms to appear, but there are limited treatements and drugs that will prolong the lives of workers stricken with mesothelioma. In many cases, the death rate of mesothelioma is unfortunately very high. However, with increased funding in mesothelioma research through the government and private grants, the outlook for a mesothelioma cure is quite possible. In the meantime, mesothelioma support groups and local discussions provide the ongoing support for mesothelioma patients.
Mesothelioma Cancer and Asbestos ([http://www.mesothelioma-cancer-and-asbestos.com])is your source for mesothelioma and asbestos information, treatments, clinical trials, attorneys, support groups and lawyers.
About the website: Michael Kenneth is a successful Internet Publisher and has researched and written on many topics for [http://www.mesothelioma-cancer-and-asbestos.com] - your complete source for mesothelioma information, mesothelioma attorneys and lawyers, mesothelioma treatments and research, asbestos exposure and removal, asbestos attorneys and legislation as well as asbestos cancer.
Mesothelial cells compose the mesothelium - the mono layer of specialised cells that line the serosal cavities and internal organs of mammals. Squamous-like cells of about 25 μm diameter dominate the mesothelium, but cuboidal cells can be found in various areas. The two cell types differ in ultra structure; the cuboidal cells appear to be in a more metabolically active state. The luminal surface of the cells has a we will be developed micro villi border. Adjacent cells are often overlapping, and they have well-developed cell-cell junctional complexes.
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| The Mesothelium And Malignant Mesothelioma |
The mesothelial cells are derived from the mesoderm and express the mesenchymal intermediate filaments vimentin and desmin, as well as cytokeratins which are intermediate filaments characteristic of epithelial cells. However, mesothelial cells can change their phenotype.
After several passages in culture, mesothelial cells lose their cytokeratin expression and adopt a fibroblast-like phenotype, but on re-establishment of an intact mesothelium the epithelial-like phenotype returns.
In addition to the two classical functions - protective barrier and friction less interface for organ and tissue movement, the mesothelium has many important roles. It is involved in fluid transport across the serosal cavities, tissue repair and secretion of various lubricants and immunomodulatory mediators. The mechanism of tissue repair is unusual in that it involves both stimulation of cell proliferation in the borders of the wound and detachment of cells that become free floating.
The floating cells are attracted to exposed extracellular matrix and attach to it, proliferate and reconstitute the mesothelial monolayer. This mechanism suggests that mesothelial cells have an intrinsic resistance to release-induced apoptosis. Malignant mesothelioma Malignant mesothelioma is an aggressive, treatment-resistant tumour, often presenting as pleural in origin. The parthenogenesis of malignant mesothelioma has remained obscure due to the long latency time 33 until development of disease, up to 40 years . Asbestos is linked to malignant mesothelioma parthenogenesis, and the mechanisms of asbestos carcinogenics are still under investigation. There are also other factors relevant for the development of malignant mesothelioma, including other mineral fibers, genetic predisposition and presence of SV40 (a DNA tumor virus).
In Western Europe, the incidence of malignant mesothelioma appears to be leveling, probably due to the actions taken to restrict asbestos exposures. Worldwide, however, the incidence of malignant mesothelioma is expected to continue to increase for some time.
The median survival after diagnosis is less than 12 months, and during the progression of the disease the patient suffers increased dyspnea and pain that can become chronic. In a literature review with metaanalysis, single-agent chemotherapy had little effect; the most effectivesingle-agent was cisplatin. The best overall objective response rate (28%) was achieved by combining cisplatin and doxorubicin. Cisplatin and permetrexed is also an effective combination. The common treatment strategies usually include surgery of resectable tumours, chemotherapy and immunotherapy, often used in combination . To delay symptom progression, chemotherapy should be started as soon after diagnosis as the performance status of the patient allows.
Most mesotheliomas have abnormal karyotypes, aneuploidy and structural rearrangements. Chromosomal losses are more common than gains. One of the most common deletions is at the 9p21 locus encoding two critical inhibitors of cyclin dependent kinases, p16INK4a and p15INK4b, and the p53 regulator p14ARF. The loss of these proteins results in loss of cell cycle control and neoplastic transformation. There are also numerous defects in the apoptotic machinery of malignant mesothelioma cells. Elevated levels of pro-survival Bcl-XL is found in most malignant mesothelioma cell lines and tumor tissues investigated, and down-regulation of Bcl-XL expression increases apoptosis per se. Elevated levels of pro-survival Bcl-2 are less 34 common .
There is less known about the role of the pro-apoptotic Bcl-2-family proteins in malignant mesothelioma resistance to apoptosis It has been suggested that Bax is either dysfunctional or antagonized downstream of its interaction with the outer mitochondrial membrane in malignant mesothelioma cells. Inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAPs) are also suggested to have an important role in the apoptosis-resistance of malignant mesotheliomas. EGFR has been held as an attractive therapeutic target in malignant mesotheliomas, however, it is not clear to w
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